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JAPANESE HOMES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

BY

EDWARD S. MORSE

DIRECTOR of THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE; LATE PROFESSOR OF ZOÖLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TOKIO, JAPAN; MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE; FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES; ETC.

 

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR

BOSTON TICKNOR AND COMPANY

 

211 Tremont Street

1888

 

Copyright, 1885,

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

FOURTH EDITION.

 

University Press;

JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE.


TO

WILLIAM STURGIS BIGELOW, M.D.

 

 

 

IN MEMORY OF THE DELIGHTFUL EXPERIENCES IN THE

"Heart of Japan"

THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR


PREFACE.

IN an exceedingly interesting article on the early study of the Dutch in Japan, by Professor K. Mitsukuri,1 the author has occasion to refer to the uncle of one of the three famous Japanese scholars who translated into Japanese a Dutch book on anatomy. He says this uncle "Miyada was almost eccentric in his disposition. He held it to be a solemn duty to learn any art or accomplishment that might be going out of the world, and then describe it so fully that it might be preserved to posterity." The nephew was faithful to his uncle's instructions, and "though following medicine for his profession, he took it upon himself to learn 'hitoyogiri,' — a certain kind of music which was well-nigh forgotten, — and even went so far as to study a kind of dramatic acting."

Though not animated by Miyada's spirit when I set about the task of collecting the material embodied in this work, I feel now that the labor has not been altogether in vain, as it may result in preserving many details of the Japanese house, — some of them trivial, perhaps, — which in a few decades of years may be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. Whether this has been accomplished or not, the praiseworthy ambition of the old Japanese scholar might well be imitated by the ethnological student in his investigations, — since nothing can be of greater importance than the study of those nations and peoples who are passing through profound changes and readjustments as a result of their compulsory contact with the vigorous, selfish, and mercantile nations of the West, accompanied on their part by a propagandism in some respects equally mercenary and selfish.

Thanks to the activity of a number of students of various nationalities in the employ of the Japanese government, and more especially to the scholarly attachés of the English legation in Japan, much information has been obtained concerning this interesting people which might otherwise have been lost. If investigators and students would bear in mind the precept of Miyada, and seize upon those features in social life — forms of etiquette, games, ceremonies, and other manners and customs — which are the first to change in any contact with alien races, a very important work would be accomplished for the future sociologist. The native Japanese student might render the greatest service in this work by noting down from the older persons, before it is too late, the social features and habits of his own people as they were before the late Revolution. Profound changes have already taken place in Japan, and other changes are still in progress. As an indication of the rapidity of some of these changes, reference might be made to an interesting memoir, by Mr. McClatchie, on "The Feudal Mansions of Yedo;" and though this was written but ten years after the revolution of 1868, he speaks of the yashiki, or fortified mansions where dwelt the feudal nobles of Japan, as in "many cases deserted, ruined, and fallen into decay;" and he describes observances and manners connected with the yashiki, such as "etiquette of the gates," "exchange of yashiki," "rules relating to fires," etc., which were then obsolete at the time of his writing, though in full force but a few years before.

I shall be particularly grateful for any facts concerning the Japanese house beyond those recorded in this book, or which may be already in my possession, as also for the correction of any errors which may have unavoidably been made in the text. Should a second edition of this work be called for, such new information and corrections will be incorporated therein, with due acknowledgments.

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. W. S. Bigelow, whose delightful companionship I enjoyed during the collection of many of the facts and sketches contained in this volume, and whose hearty sympathy and judicious advice were of the greatest service to me. To Professor and Mrs. E. F. Fenollosa, also, my thanks are especially due for unnumbered kindnesses during my last visit to Japan.

I would also here return my thanks to a host of Japanese friends who have at various times, in season and out of season, granted me the privilege of sketching their homes and examining their dwellings from top to bottom in quest of material for this volume; who furthermore have answered questions, translated terms, hunted up information, and in many ways aided me, — so that it may be truly said, that had this assistance been withheld, but little of my special work could have been accomplished. Any effort to recall the names of all these friends would lead to the unavoidable omission of some; nevertheless, I must specially mention Mr. H. Takamine, Director of the Tokio Normal School; Dr. Seiken Takenaka; Mr. Tsunejiro Miyaoka; Mr. S. Tejima, Director of the Tokio Educational Museum; Professors Toyama, Yatabe, Kikuchi, Mitsukuri, Sasaki, and Kozima, and Mr. Ishikawa and others, of the University of Tokio; Mr. Isawa and Mr. Kodzu, Mr. Fukuzawa, the distinguished teacher and author; Mr. Kashiwagi, Mr. Kohitsu, and Mr. Masuda. I must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. H. Kato, Director of the University of Tokio, to Mr. Hattori, Vice-director, and to Mr. Hamao and other officers of the Educational Department, for many courtesies, and for special accommodations during my last visit to Japan. Nor must I omit to mention Mr. Tachibana, Director of the nobles' school; Mr. Kikkawa, Mr. Tahara, Mr. Kineko, Mr. Ariga, Mr. Tanada, Mr. Nakawara, Mr. Yamaguchi, Mr. Negishi of Kabutoyama, and many others, who supplied me with various notes of interest. In this country I have been specially indebted to Mr. A. S. Mihara and Mr. S. Fukuzawa, for valuable assistance during the preparation of the text; and to Mr. Arakawa, Mr. Shiraishi, Mr. Shugio, and Mr. Yamada of New York, for timely aid.

To the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, who, recognizing the ethnological value of the work I had in hand, granted me a release from my duties as Director until I could complete it; and to Professor John Robinson, Treasurer of the Academy, and Mr. T. F. Hunt, for friendly suggestions and helpful interest, as also to Mr. Percival Lowell for numerous courtesies, — my thanks are due. I must not forget to record here my indebtedness to Mr. A. W. Stevens, chief proof-reader of the University Press, for his invaluable assistance in the literary part of my labors, and for his faithful scrutiny of the proof-sheets. At the same time I desire to thank Miss Margarette W. Brooks for much aid given to me in my work; my daughter, Miss Edith 0. Morse, for the preliminary tracings of the drawings from my journals; Mr. L. S. Ipsen, who drew the unique and beautiful design for the cover of this book; Mr. A. V. S. Anthony for judicious supervision of the process-work in the illustrations; the University Press for its excellent workmanship in the printing of the book; and the Publishers for the generous manner in which they have supported the undertaking. I will only add, that the excellent Index to be found at the end of this book was prepared by Mr. Charles H. Stevens.

EDWARD S. MORSE.

SALEM, MASS., U. S. A.

     November, 1885.

________________

1 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. v. part i. p. 207.



CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.
THE HOUSE.

APPEARANCE OF CITY AND VILLAGE. — GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HOUSE. — HOUSE CONSTRUCTION. — FRAME-WORK AND FOUNDATION. — BRACING. — SELECTION OF STOCK. — CONSTRUCTION OF CEILING. — PARTITIONS AND WALLS. — STRUCTURE OF KURA. — JAPANESE CARPENTERS. — CARPENTERS' TOOLS AND APPLIANCES


CHAPTER II.

TYPES OF HOUSES.

CITY AND COUNTRY HOUSES. — FISHERMEN'S HOUSES. — KURA. — A STUDY OF ROOFS. — SHINGLED ROOFS. — TILED ROOFS. — STONE ROOFS. — THATCHED ROOFS


CHAPTER III.

INTERIORS.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION. — PLANS. — MATS. — SLIDING SCREENS. — FUSUMA. — HIKITE. — SHŌJI. — TOKONOMA. — CHIGAI-DANA. — TEA-ROOMS. — KURA. — CEILINGS. — WALLS. — RAMMA. — WINDOWS. — PORTABLE SCREENS       


CHAPTER IV.

INTERIORS — (Continued).

KITCHEN. — FLOORS. — CLOSETS. — STAIRWAYS. — PUBLIC BATHING.  — BATHING CONVENIENCES. — TOWEL-RACKS. — BEDDING AND PILLOWS. — HIBACHI AND TABAKO-BON. — CANDLES AND CANDLESTICKS. — LAMPS AND LANTERNS. — HOUSEHOLD SHRINES. — BIRDS' NESTS IN HOUSES. — PRIVIES  


CHAPTER V.

ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES.

VESTIBULE AND HALL. — VERANDAH AND BALCONY. — AMADO. TOBUKURO. — CHŌDZU-BACHI. — GATEWAYS. — FENCES        


CHAPTER VI.

GARDENS.

STONE TABLETS. — ISHI-DŌRŌ. — BRIDGES. — SUMMER-HOUSES. — PONDS. — PATHWAYS. — DWARF-TREES AND FLOWER-POTS. — VIEWS OF PRIVATE GARDENS            


CHAPTER VII.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

WELLS AND WATER-SUPPLY. — FLOWERS. — INTERIOR ADORNMENTS. — PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE. — HOUSES OF FOREIGN STYLE. — ABSENCE OF MONUMENTS         


CHAPTER VIII.

THE ANCIENT HOUSE.

ALLUSIONS TO THE HOUSE IN ANCIENT JAPANESE RECORDS


CHAPTER IX.

THE NEIGHBORING HOUSE.

HOUSE OF THE AINO. — OF THE HACHIJÔ ISLANDER. — OF THE LOOCHOOAN. — OF THE KOREAN. — OF THE CHINESE. — CONCLUDING REMARKS           


GLOSSARY

             


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


VIEWS OF CITY AND VILLAGE.

FIG. 1. A VIEW IN TOKIO, SHOWING SHOPS AND HOUSES. (COPIED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH )

" 2. A VIEW IN TOKIO, SHOWING TEMPLES AND GARDENS. (COPIED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)        

" 3. VIEW OF ENOSHIMA. (COPIED FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.)          


HOUSE CONSTRUCTION.

" 4. SIDE-FRAMING              

" 5. POUNDING DOWN FOUNDATION STONES            

" 6. FOUNDATION STONE              

" 7. SECTION OF FRAMING

" 8. FRAMING             

" 9. END-FRAMING OF LARGE BUILDING           

" 10. ROOF-FRAME OF LARGE BUILDING          

" 11. ROOF-FRAMING OF KURA  

" 12. FRAMING OF AN ORDINARY TWO-STORIED HOUSE. (FROM A JAPANESE DRAWING)           

" 13. OUTSIDE BRACES     

" 14. OUTSIDE BRACE

" 15. ORNAMENTAL BRACE          

" 16. METHOD OF CUTTING TIMBER FOR HOUSE-FINISH      

" 17. SECTION OF POST GROOVED FOR PARTITION             

" 18. BUNDLE OR BOARDS 

" 19. SECTION OF CEILING            

" 20. CEILING-RAFTERS SUPPORTED TEMPORARILY           

" 21. METHOD OF SUSPENDING CEILING AS SEEN FROM ABOVE           

" 22. CEILING-BOARD WEIGHTED WITH STONES        

" 23. CEILING.-BOARD IN CLOSET         

" 24. METHOD OF REMOVING BOARDS FROM BUNDLE TO PRESERVE UNIFORMITY OF GRAIN         

" 25. ARRANGEMENT OF SQUARE TILES ON SIDE OF HOUSE



CARPENTERS' TOOLS, ETC.

FIG. 26. A JAPANESE CARPENTER'S VISE

" 27. CARPENTER'S TOOLS IN COMMON USE

" 28. A JAPANESE NAIL-BASKET

" 29. A CARPENTER'S MARKING-BRUSH MADE OF WOOD

" 30. THE SUMI-TSUBO

" 31. THE JAPANESE PLUMB-LINE

" 32. ANCIENT CARPENTER (COPIED FROM AN OLD PAINTING)

 

CITY AND COUNTRY HOUSES.

FIG 33. STREET IN KANDA KU, TOKIO 

" 34. STREET IN KANDA KU, TOKIO 

" 35. BLOCK OF CHEAP TENEMENTS IN TOKIO

" 36. STREET VIEW OF DWELLING OF TOKIO 

" 37. VIEW OF DWELLING FROM GARDEN, IN TOKIO 

" 38. DWELLING NEAR KUDAN, TOKIO

" 39. COUNTRY INN IN RIKUZEN

" 40. COUNTRY INN IN RIKUZEN

" 41. HOUSE NEAR MORORAN, YEZO

" 42. BAY-WINDOW, VILLAGE OF ODZUKA, RIKUZEN

" 43. THREE-STORIED HOUSE OF RIKUCHIU 

" 44. STREET IN THE SUBURBS OF MORIOKA

" 45. OLD FARM-HOUSE IN KABUTOYAMA      

" 46. ENTRANCE TO COURT-YARD OF OLD HOUSE IN KIOTO

" 47. OLD HOUSE IN KIOTO. COURT-YARD VIEW       

" 48. OLD HOUSE IN KIOTO. GARDEN VIEW    

" 49. HOUSE IN TOKIO

" 50. VIEW FROM SECOND STORY OF DWELLING IN IMADO, TOKIO 

" 51. OLD INN IN MISHIMA, SURUGA      

" 52. VILLAGE STREET IN NAGAIKE, YAMASHIRO     

" 53. SHORE OF OSUMI    

" 54. FARMERS' HOUSES IN MOTOTARU-MIDSU, OSUMI

" 55. FISHERMEN'S HUTS IN HAKODATE

" 56. FISHERMEN'S HOUSES AT ENOSHIMA

" 57. KURA IN TOKIO

" 58. KURA, OR FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS IN TOKIO  (FROM SKETCH BY S. KOYAMA)

" 59. OLD HOUSE IN HAKODATE


SHINGLED ROOFS, ETC.

FIG. 60. HISASHI       

" 61. BUNCH OF SHINGLES, NAILS, AND HAMMER

" 62. SHINGLER'S HAND     

" 63. BAMBOO STRIPS ON SHINGLE-ROOF      

" 64. ROOF WITH SHINGLES PARTLY LAID        

" 65. RIDGE OF SHINGLE-ROOF IN MUSASHI    

" 66. WATER-CONDUCTOR


TILED ROOFS, ETC.

" 67. RIDGE OF TILED ROOF         

" 68. ORNAMENTAL COPING OF TILES              

" 69. ORNAMENTAL COPING OF TILES              

" 70. ORNAMENTAL COPING OF TILES              

" 71. EAVES OF TILED ROOF        

" 72. NAGASAKI TILED ROOF        

" 73. HON-GAWARA, OR TRUE TILE      

" 74. YEDO-GAWARA, OR YEDO-TILE EAVES              

" 75. FRENCH-TILE EAVES            

" 76. IWAMI TILE FOR RIDGE         

" 77. STONE ROOF            

 

THATCHED ROOFS, ETC.

FIG. 78. THATCH AND THATCHERS' IMPLEMENTS     

" 79. END OF ROOF IN FUJITA, IWAKI      

" 80. TILED RIDGE OF THATCHED ROOF IN IWAKI

" 81. TILED RIDGE OF THATCHED ROOF IN MUSASHI         

" 82. BAMBOO RIDGE OF THATCHED ROOF IN MUSASHI     

" 83. THATCHED ROOF, NEAR TOKIO     

" 84. THATCHED ROOF, NEAR TOKIO. (FROM PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BY PERCIVAL LOWELL, ESQ.)

" 85. RIDGE OF THATCHED ROOF AT KABUTOYAMA, MUSASHI     

" 86. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN OMI         

" 87. TILE AND BAMBOO RIDGE OF THATCHED ROOF, TAKATSUKI, SETSU

" 88. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN MIKAWA          

" 89. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN KIOTO    

" 90. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN MIKAWA            

" 91. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN KII            

" 92 THATCHED ROOF IN YAMATO

" 93. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN TŌTŌMI           

" 94. CREST OF THATCHED ROOF IN ISE        

" 95. PAVED SPACE UNDER EAVES OF THATCHED ROOF            


INTERIORS, PLANS, MATS, SLIDING SCREENS, ETC.

FIG. 96. GUEST-ROOM AT HACHI-ISHI    

" 97. PLAN OF DWELLING-HOUSE IN TOKIO     

" 98. PLAN OF DWELLING-HOUSE IN TOKIO     

" 99. PLAN OF A PORTION OF A DAIMIO'S RESIDENCE         

" 100. MAT      

" 101. ARRANGEMENT OF MATS IN DIFFERENT-SIZED ROOMS

" 102. ATTITUDE OF WOMAN IN SITTING          

" 103. SECTION THROUGH VERANDAH AND GUEST-ROOM            

" 104. REED-SCREEN         

" 105. SLIDING PANEL        

" 106. HIKITE              

" 107. HIKITE              

" 108. HIKITE              

" 109. HIKITE

" 110. HIKITE WITH CORD  

" 111. STRAIGHTENING SHŌJI-FRAME  

" 112. SHŌJI WITH ORNAMENTAL FRAME       

" 113. PORTION OF TOKO-BASHIRA.       

" 114-117. ORNAMENTAL-HEADED NAILS        

" 118. SHELVES CONTRASTED WITH CONVENTIONAL DRAWING OF MIST, OR CLOUDS




INTERIORS SHOWING TOKONOMA AND CHIGAI-DANA.

FIG. 119. GUEST-ROOM     

" 120. GUEST-ROOM, WITH RECESSES IN CORNER              

" 121. GUEST-ROOM, SHOWING CIRCULAR WINDOW           

" 122. GUEST-ROOM, SHOWING WRITING-PLACE       

" 123. GUEST-ROOM, WITH WIDE TOKONOMA           

" 124. SMALL GUEST-ROOM

" 125. GUEST-ROOM OF DWELLING IN TOKIO              

" 126. GUEST-ROOM IN KIYOMIDZU, KIOTO       

" 127. GUEST-ROOM OF DWELLING IN TOKIO              

" 128. GUEST-ROOM OF A COUNTRY HOUSE

" 129. CORNER OF GUEST-ROOM           


TEA-ROOMS.

FIG. 130. TEA-ROOM IN NAN-EN-JI TEMPLE, KIOTO  

" 131. TEA-ROOM IN FUJIMI POTTERY, NAGOYA          

" 132. TEA-ROOM IN MIYAJIMA      

" 133. KITCHEN FOR TEA-UTENSILS       

" 134. TEA-ROOM IN IMADO, TOKIO         

" 135. CORNER OF TEA-ROOM SHOWN IN FIG. 134    


KURA INTERIORS, DOORS, ETC.

FIG. 136. ROOM IN SECOND STORY OF OLD BUILDING IN KAWAGOYE, MUSASHI

" 137. ROOM IN KURA FITTED UP AS A LIBRARY, TOKIO       

" 138. FRAMEWORK FOR DRAPING ROOM IN KURA. (COPIED FROM A JAPANESE WORK)  

" 139. SPACE BETWEEN DWELLING AND KURA, ROOFED OVER AND UTILIZED AS A KITCHEN IN TOKIO             

" 140. DOORWAY OF AN OLD KURA IN KIOTO              

" 141. KEY TO KURA, AND BUNCH OF KEYS    

" 142. PADLOCK TO KURA

             
CEILING, RAMMA, WINDOWS.

FIG. 143. PANELLED CEILING 

" 144. RAMMA IN HAKÓNE VILLAGE 

" 145. BAMBOO RAMMA

" 146. PORCELAIN RAMMA IN TOKIO

" 147. RAMMA OF BAMBOO AND PERFORATED PANEL

" 148. CARVED-WOOD RAMMA IN GOJIO VILLAGE, YAMATO          

" 149. CARVED-WOOD RAMMA IN TOWN OF YATSUSHIRO, HIGO

" 150. RAMMA, COMPOSED OF TWO THIN BOARDS, IN NAGOYA, OWARI

" 151. SHŌJI FOR WINDOW

" 152. SHŌJI-FRAME FOR WINDOW

" 153. SHŌJI-FRAME FOR WINDOW

" 154. WINDOW


PORTABLE SCREENS, CURTAINS, ETC.

FIG. 155. BIYŌ-BU, OR FOLDING SCREEN

" 156. WROUGHT METALLIC MOUNTING OF SCREEN FRAME

" 157. SCREEN-BOX

" 158. FOOT-WEIGHT FOR SCREEN

" 159. FUROSAKI BIYŌ-BU             

" 160. MODEL OF TSUI-TATE IN POTTERY         

" 161. TSUI-TATE      

" 162. BAMBOO CURTAINS            

" 163. BAMBOO CURTAIN              

" 164. CURTAIN-SCREEN  

" 165. FRINGED CURTAIN              

" 166. SLASHED CURTAIN           

 

KITCHENS, STAIRWAYS, ETC.

FIG. 167. KITCHEN IN OLD FARMHOUSE AT KABUTOYAMA             

" 168. KITCHEN RANGE      

" 169. KITCHEN RANGE WITH SMOKE-CONDUCTOR

" 170. KITCHEN IN CITY HOUSE    

" 171. BRAZIERS      

" 172. BAMBOO RACK AND KNIFE-CASE          

" 173. JI-ZAI              

" 174. FIREPLACE IN COUNTRY HOUSE            

" 175. THE BEST FIREPLACE       

" 176. AN ADJUSTABLE DEVICE FOR SUPPORTING A KETTLE      

" 177. KITCHEN CLOSET, DRAWERS, CUPBOARD, AND STAIRS COMBINED     

" 178. STAIR-RAIL     

" 179. STEPS TO VERANDAH

             

BATHING CONVENIENCES.

FIG. 180. BATH-TUB, WITH SIDE OVEN  

" 181. BATH-TUB, WITH INSIDE FLUE      

" 182. BATH-TUB IN SECTION, WITH OVEN OUTSIDE THE ROOM 

" 183. BATH-TUB, WiTH OUTSIDE HEATING-CHAMBER         

" 184. BATH-TUB, WITH IRON BASE         

" 185. LAVATORY IN COUNTRY INN          

" 186. LAVATORY IN PRIVATE HOUSE    

" 187. LAVATORY COPIED FROM JAPANESE BOOK              

" 188-192. FORMS OF TOWEL-RACKS

 

PILLOWS, HIBACHI, AND TABAKO-BON.

FIG. 193. FORMS OF PILLOW IN COMMON USE           

" 194. SHOWING POSITION OF HEAD IN RESTING ON PILLOW        

" 195. HEATING ARRANGEMENT IN FLOOR

" 196. ELBOW-REST          

" 197. COMMON HIBACHI  

" 198. HIBACHI          

" 199. HIBACHI        

" 200. HIBACHI ARRANGED FOR COMPANY

" 201. TABAKO-BON            

" 202. TABAKO-BON            

" 203. TABAKO-BON            

" 204. PAN FOR HOLDING BURNING CHARCOAL      



CANDLESTICKS, LAMPS, SHRINES, ETC.

FIG. 205. IRON CANDLESTICK      

" 206. LAMP  

" 207. LAMP  

" 208. LAMP AND LACQUERED STAND. (COPIED FROM A JAPANESE WORK.)

" 209. WALL-LAMP  

" 210. LAMP  

" 211. POTTERY LAMP      

" 212. POTTERY LAMP        

" 213. POTTERY CANDLESTICK  

" 214. FIXED STREET-LANTERN

" 215. HOUSEHOLD SHRINE         

" 216. SWALLOWS' NESTS IN PRIVATE HOUSE        

 

PRIVIES.

FIG. 217. INTERIOR OF PRIVY        

" 218. PRIVY OF INN IN HACHI-ISHI VILLAGE, NIKKO    

" 219. PRIVY CONNECTED WITH A MERCHANT'S HOUSE IN ASAKUSA  

" 220. INTERIOR OF A PRIVY IN ASAKUSA         



ENTRANCE AND HALL.

FIG. 221. MAIN ENTRANCE TO HOUSE  

" 222. PLAN OF VESTIBULE AND HALL              

" 223. SHOE-CLOSET

" 224. LANTERN-SHELF IN HALL              

" 225. GRATED ENTRANCE WITH SLIDING DOOR       



VERANDAH AND BALCONY.

FIG. 226. VERANDAH FLOOR       

" 227. VERANDAH OF AN OLD KIOTO HOUSE              

" 228. BALCONY RAIL

" 229. BALCONY RAIL AND PERFORATED PANELS  

" 230. BALCONY RAIL          

" 231. BALCONY RAIL

" 232. BALCONY RAIL        



AMADO.

FIG. 233. RAIN-DOOR LOCK UNBOLTED            

" 234. RAIN-DOOR LOCK BOLTED           

" 235. KNOB FOR RAIN-DOOR      

" 236. CORNER-ROLLER FOR RAIN-DOOR        

" 237. VERANDAH SHOW ING SWINGING CLOSET FOR RAIN-DOORS AND

           ALSO CHŌDZU-BACHI        



CHŌDZU-BACHI.

FIG. 238. CHŌDZU-BACHI

" 239. CHŌDZU-BACHI

" 240. CHŌDZU-BACHI        

" 241. CHŌDZU-BACHI AND HISASHI-YEN         



GATEWAYS.

FIG. 242. GATEWAY IN yashiki BUILDING         

" 243. GATEWAY OF CITY HOUSE FROM WITHIN

" 244. GATE-RATTLE           

" 245. BOLT FOR LITTLE SLIDING DOOR IN GATEWAY           

" 246. GATEWAY TO CITY RESIDENCE

" 247. GATEWAY TO CITY RESIDENCE  

" 248. GATEWAY NEAR TOKIO      

" 249. GATEWAY      

" 250. RUSTIC GATEWAY  

" 251. RUSTIC GATEWAY  

" 252, RUSTIC GARDEN GATE      

" 253. GARDEN GATEWAY

             

FENCES.

FIG. 254. ORDINARY WOODEN FENCE              

" 255. STAKE FENCE          

" 256. BAMBOO FENCE      

" 257. FENCE IN HAKÓNE VILLAGE        

" 258. RUSTIC GARDEN-FENCE  

" 259. SODE-GAKI    

" 260. SODE-GAKI    

" 261. SODE-GAKI    

" 262. BARRED OPENING IN FENCE     

 

STONE LANTERNS, ETC.

FIG. 263. GARDEN TABLET           

" 264. ISHI-DŌRŌ  IN TOKIO            

" 265. ISHI-DŌRŌ IN MIYAMA       

" 266. ISHI-DŌRŌ IN SHIRAKO, MUSASHI         

" 267. ISHI-DŌRŌ IN UTSUNOMIYA           



GARDEN BRIDGES.

FIG. 268. STONE FOOT-BRIDGE  

" 269. STONE FOOT-BRIDGE      

" 270. GARDEN BROOK AND FOOT-BRIDGE    



SUMMER-HOUSES, WINDOWS, AND PATHS.

FIG. 271. SUMMER-HOUSE IN PRIVATE GARDEN, TOKIO     

" 272. SUMMER-HOUSE IN IMPERIAL GARDEN, TOKIO          

" 273. RUSTIC OPENING IN SUMMER-HOUSE, KOBE             

" 274. RUSTIC OPENING IN SUMMER-HOUSE, OKAZAKI        

" 275. VARIOUS FORMS OF GARDEN PATHS

 

FLOWER — POTS, DWARF — TREES, ETC.

FIG. 276. WOODEN TROUGH FOR. PLANTS      

" 277. PLANT-POT OF OLD PLANK          

" 278. DWARF PLUM           

" 279. DWARF PINE           

" 280. CURIOUSLY TRAINED PINE-TREE            

" 281. DWARFED PINE       

" 282. SHRUBS WRAPPED IN STRAW FOR WINTER

             

GARDEN VIEWS.

FIG. 283. SHOWING APPROACHES TO HOUSE. (REPRODUCED FROM

          "CHIKUSAN TEIZODEN," A JAPANESE WORK)

" 284. LITTLE GARDEN BELONGING TO THE PRIESTS OF A BUDDHIST

          TEMPLE (REPRODUCED FROM "CHIKUSAN TEIZODEN,"

           A JAPANESE WORK.)          

" 285. GARDEN OF A MERCHANT. (REPRODUCED FROM "CHIKUSAN

          TEIZODEN," A JAPANESE WORK.)          

" 286. GARDEN OF A DAMIO (REPRODUCED FROM "CHIKUSAN TEIZODEN,"

           A JAPANESE WORK)



WELLS AND WATER-SUPPLY.

FIG. 287. ANCIENT FORM OF WELL-CURB        

" 288. STONE WELL-CURB IN PRIVATE GARDEN IN TOKIO              

" 289. WOODEN WELL-FRAME    

" 290. RUSTIC WELL-FRAME      

" 291. AQUEDUCT RESERVOIR AT MIYAJIMA, AKI       

" 292. AQUEDUCTS AT MIYAJIMA , AKI  

" 293. WELL IN KAGA yashiki, TOKIO   

 

FLOWERS.

FIG. 294. HANGING FLOWER-HOLDER OF BAMBOO

" 295. HANGING FLOWER-HOLDER OF BASKET-WORK       

" 296. CHEAP BRACKET FOR FLOWER-POTS             

" 297. CURIOUS COMBINATION OF BUCKETS FOR FLOWERS      

 

MISCELLANEOUS.

FIG. 298. FRAMED PICTURE, WITH SUPPORTS           

" 299. HASHIRA-KAKUSHI              

" 300. WRITING-DESK         

" 301. STAGING ON HOUSE-ROOF, WITH BUCKET AND BRUSH     

" 302. BOX FOR TRANSPORTING ARTICLES

             

OTHER HOUSES.

FIG. 303. MALAY HOUSE NEAR SINGAPORE    

" 304. RIDGE OF ROOF IN CHOLON, ANAM       

" 305. INTERIOR OF MALAY HOUSE, SHOWING BED-PLACE. SINGAPORE

" 306. AINO HOUSE, YEZO